Step-growth polymerization

The reaction between hydroxyl and carboxyl groups to generate an ester bond also gives a bi-product of water. That is why it is called a condensation reaction and it is also an equilibrium reaction that may run backwards, i.e. hydrolysis. In order to give high conversion and $\overset{—}{M}$ the water has to be removed.

Ester synthesis from a diol and a diacid where R and R’ denotes unspecified organic compounds.

The relation between conversion, p, and degree of polymerization, $\overset{—}{D P}$ is described by the Carother’s equation:

$\overset{—}{D P} = \frac{1}{(1 - p)}$

(3)

The degree of polymerization is the ratio of ${\overset{—}{M}}_{n}$ to the molar mass of the repeating unit $M_{0}$ , and p is the consumption of either reactive group, e.g. the hydroxyl groups in the example above. Equation 3 tells that it will take 99 % conversion to reach a degree of polymerization of 100. This is equivalent to a ${\overset{—}{M}}_{n}$ of 12 200 g/mol for PA66 shown in Figure 5, which is a reasonable molar mass for that particular polymer.

Task

Make a $\overset{—}{M}$ graph as function of conversion for the PA66 example.

Check answer

It is also essential that the molar ratio, r, between the two reactants, for the current example r = [OH]/[COOH], is kept very close to one throughout the whole polymerization process. The Carother’s equation can be modified to cover also non-unity r values as:

$\overset{—}{D P} = \frac{(1 + r)}{(r + 1 - 2 r p)}$

(4)

It may both be difficult to measure very accurately and to find chemicals that are sufficiently pure. Common analytical grades are in general 98.5% pure. The composition of the 1.5% residue is very important to the outcome. Presence of mono-functional compounds will stop propagation.

Task: What $\overset{—}{M}$ can you expect if you try to make PA66 from a 1,6-hexamethylene diamine of 98% purity with 100% pure adipic acid that is totally consumed if you happen to neglect the molar imbalance upon charging?

Check answer

Answer: DP = {p =1, in equation (4)} = (1 + r)/(1-r) = {r =0.98} = 1.98/0.02 = 99 and the molar mass of the repeating unit of PA66, M₀ = 226.32 g/mol gives ${\overset{—}{M}}_{n}$ of 22 kg/mol. Comment: This is a purely theoretical exercise, the conversion p will never be 100%.

There are a number of ways to manage the difficulties of maintaining equimolar ratio in order to reach high molar mass. Interfacial polymerization, salt dehydration, ester interchange polymerization and step polyaddition are examples of such strategies.

Polymer Technology

Step-growth polymerization

Task

Make a M— graph as function of conversion for the PA66 example

Make a $\overset{—}{M}$ graph as function of conversion for the PA66 example