Hybridization

Introduction
links
Questions

Introduction

Atoms can mix the base orbitals and create hybrid orbitals.

1 s-orbital + 3 p-orbitals

4 sp3-orbitals
(the carbon is sp³-hybridized)

1 s-orbital + 2 p-orbitals

3 sp²-orbitals
(the carbon is sp²-hybridized)

1 s-orbital + 1 p-orbital

2 sp-orbitals
(the carbon is sp-hybridized)

$\binom{{sp}^{3} - {sp}^{3} : single bond}{{sp}^{3} - s : single bond} {σ-bond$

$\binom{{sp}^{2} - {sp}^{2} : double bond}{{sp}^{2} - s : single bond} {2p - 2p: π-bond$

$\binom{sp - sp : triple bond}{sp - s : single bond} {2 π-bonds$

links

ChemComplete: Carbon Hybridization (youtube)

Khanacademy - sp² hybridization.

Questions

When the elements lithium and chlorine react a salt is formed. Write the electron configuration of the ions in the salt formed.
In nature the element alumina, Al, exists as an ion. Write the electron configuration of this ion.

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Which compounds A-J below (check all that apply) have the electron configuration 1s² 2s² 2px² 2py² 2pz²?

Fluorine, F
Neon, Ne
The chloride ion, Cl^-
The oxygen molecule, O₂
The magnesium ion, Mg²⁺
The fluoride ion, F^-
The aluminium ion, Al³⁺
Sodium, Na
Magnesium, Mg
The sodium ion, Na⁺

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Q1 - When the elements lithium and chlorine react a salt is formed. Write the electron configuration of the ions in the salt formed.

Electron structures:

Q2 - In nature the element alumina, Al, exists as an ion. Write the electron configuration of this ion.

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The University of Borås, Sweden
The University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland
The University of Alcalá, Spain
Digital Connections, Scotland

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Organic chemistry

Hybridization

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