Protocol stack
The Internet protocol stack is defined in terms of four or five layers. Link and physical layers sometimes are joined and presented together. The five layers are:
- Application: supporting network applications
- FTP, SMTP, HTTP, Twitter, Facebook, …
- Transport: process-process data transfer
- TCP, UDP
- Network: routing of datagrams from source to destination
- IP, routing protocols
- Link: data transfer between neighboring network elements
- Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP, Bluetooth, …
- Physical: bits “on the wire”
Figure 3 Internet Protocol Stack
A graphic representation of the Internet Protocol Stack...
by Bughunter (Own work) from Wikipedia Public Domain
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- Digital Connections, Scotland
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